Research on World Agricultural Economy

Assessment of Dairy Production System, Handling, Processing and Utilization Practices in South Ari and Malle District of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia

Demerew Getaneh

Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Jinka Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 96 Jinka, Ethiopia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v4i1.773

Received: 16 November 2022; Received in revised form: 10 January 2023; Accepted: 30 January 2023; Published: 16 February 2023

---

Abstract

Milk is produced, processed and utilized in different parts of Ethiopia and the majority in rural areas is processed at the household level into milk products using traditional technologies and marketed through informal channels. This study was initiated to assess and describe the traditional knowledge of milk production, handling, processing and utilization practices in South Ari and Malle district. Three dairy potential Kebeles from each district were selected via a purposive sampling procedure. Then, 196 households were selected through a systematic random sampling procedure. Data were collected using a semi-structure questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS (Version 23) software. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in livestock composition across the study districts. About 75% in South Ari and 72.9% in Malle have their own grazing land. Feed shortage (73%) and improved breed access (26%) in South Ari, and feed shortage (52.1%), drought (44.8%) in Malle were among the main constraints affecting dairying. About 65% of South Ari used plastic buckets for milking and clay pots for fermentation and churning. In Malle 88.5% used calabash containers for milking, accumulation and churning. The average days of raw milk fermentation before churning in South Ari and Malle were 4.2±0.1 and 2.9±0.0 days. The average butter-making time was 63.4±1.8 minutes in both districts. The amount of milk fermented and butter produced from this fermented milk is significantly different (P < 0.05) across districts. Nearly 95% of South Ari milk is traditionally processed into yogurt, butter, buttermilk and cheese; and used for home consumption and marketing. However, in Malle 72.9% of yogurt and buttermilk processing is used for home consumption; and 26% of butter processing is only used for marketing. It is possibly concluded that dairy production was commonly practiced and it was a good source of income in both districts. Therefore, it is vigorous to support the dairy linkage with extension services by enhancing the input provision.

Keywords: Milk production; Handling; Processing; South Omo; Utilization practices

---

References

[1] Duguma, B., 2022. Milk composition, traditional processing, marketing, and consumption among smallholder dairy farmers in selected towns of Jimma Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. 10, 2879-2895.

[2] Central Statistical Agency, 2021. Federal democratic republic of ethiopia central statistical agency. Agricultural Sample Survey 2020/21 (2013 E.C.); Vol. II.Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) Bulletin No. 589; 2020 Sep-Dec; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

[3] Shapiro, B.I., Gebru, G., Desta, S., et al., 2017. Ethiopia Livestock Sector Analysis [Intenet]. ILRI Project Report. Available from: https://news.ilri.org/tag/ethiopia-livestock-sector-analysis/

[4] Tegegne, A., Gebremedhin, B., Hoekstra, D., et al., 2013. Smallholder dairy production and marketing systems in Ethiopia: IPMS experiences and opportunities for market-oriented development. Working Paper No. 31. ILRI: Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia.

[5] Demerew, G., Sandip, B., Mestawet, T., 2019. Morphometrical traits and structural indices of Malle cattle reared in the South Omo Zone of Southwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Veterinary Sciences Research. 5(2), 32-47.

[6] Tsadkan, Z., Amaniel, T., 2016. Assessment of post-harvest loss of milk and milk products and traditional mitigation systems in Mekelle Milk Shed, Northern Ethiopia. Food Science and Quality Management. 48, 27-34.

[7] Food and Agriculture Organization, 2018. Ethiopia: Report on Feed Inventory and Feed Balance. FAO: Rome, Italy. pp. 160.

[8] Azage, T., Gebremedhin, B., Hoekstra, D. (editors), et al., 2013. Smallholder dairy production and marketing systems in Ethiopia: IPMS experiences and opportunities for market-oriented development. IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers Project Working. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI. p. 31.

[9] Sefinew, A., 2018. Mastitis management in urban and peri-urban dairy herds of North Western Ethiopia [PhD thesis]. Netherlands: Utrecht University.

[10] Muriuki, H.G., Thorpe, W. (editors), 2001. Regional synthesis: Smallholder dairy production and marketing in East and South Africa. Proceeding of the South-South Workshop on Smallholder Dairy Production and Marketing—Constraints and Opportunities. Anand, India. NDDB and ILRI: Ethiopia.

[11] Alemu, T., Girma, M., 2018. Indigenous knowledge on preservative plants and preservation techniques of milk and milk products in South Wollo Zone, Northern Ethiopia. International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology. 3(2), 120-124.

[12] Mekonen, D., Merkine, B., 2021. Pre extension demonstration of improved milk churner at Sidama Region and Gedio Zone SNNPR. American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering. 5(4), 55-59.

[13] Tsedey, A., Bereket, H., 2016. Assessment of post-harvest loss of milk and milk products and traditional mitigation systems in Southern Ethiopia. Food Science and Quality Management. 48, 85-96.

[14] Abebe, B., Zelalem, Y., Ajebu, N., 2013. Handling, processing and utilization of milk and milk products in Ezha district of the Gurage zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Biological Sustainable Development. 5, 91-98.

[15] Food and Agriculture Organization, 2019. Dairy market review, Overview of global dairy market developments in 2018. FAO: Rome, Italy. pp.11.

[16] Kothari, C.R., 2004. Research Methodology, method, and techniques. New Age International Publishers: India. pp. 175-180.

[17] Ayeneshet, B., Wondifraw, Z., Abera, M., 2017. Survey on farmers’ husbandry practice for dairy cows in Alefa and Quara Districts of North Gondar Zone, Amhara national regional state, Ethiopia. International Journal of Animal Science. 1(2), 1010. doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28197.76006

[18] Girma, M., Banerjee, S., Birhanu, T., 2020. Breeding practice and phenotypic characteristics of indigenous Woyito-Guji goat breeds reared in Nyangatom and Malle pastoral and agro-pastoral districts of SNNPR, Ethiopia. International Journal of Animal Science. 4, 8.

[19] Terefe, E., Dessie, T., Haile, A., et al., 2015. On-farm phenotypic characterization of Mursi cattle in its production environment in South Omo Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Animal Genetic Resources. 57, 15-24.

[20] Negash, D., 2018. Review on dairy cow feed and feeding aspects in Ethiopia. CPQ. Nutrition. 1, 1-19.

[21] Makkar, H.P.S., Emily, A., Lemma, G., 2018. Characterization of feeding systems in Ethiopia with a focus on dry areas. Feedipedia Broadening Horizorizon. 51.

[22] Abebe B., Zelalem, Y., Mitiku E., et al., 2017. Socio-economic characteristics of dairy production in the selected areas of Ethiopian central highlands. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health. 9, 193-203.

[23] Kiros, A., Berhan, T., Gebeyehu, G., et al., 2018. Assessment of dairy feed resources and feeding frequencies in selected urban and peri-urban areas of central highlands of Ethiopia. World Applied Sciences Journal. 36(7), 819-825.

[24] Sintayehu, Y., Fekadu, B., Azage, T., et al., 2008. Dairy production, processing and marketing systems of Shashemene-Dilla area, South Ethiopia. IPMS (Improving Productivity and Market Success) of Ethiopian Farmers Project Working Paper 9, ILRI: Nairobi, Kenya. pp. 62.

[25] Jiregna, D., Alganesh, T., Shiv, P., et al., 2013. Dairy production potential and challenges in western Oromia milk value chain, Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Agriculture and Sustanable. 2(1), 1-21.

[26] Getachew, M., Tadele, Y., 2015. Dairy production, processing and marketing in Chencha and Kutcha Districts, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research. pp. 9.

[27] Shewangizaw, W., Adisu, J., 2014. Assessment of knowledge gap and constraints affecting production and consumption of standardized milk products in Wolayita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 9(47), 3427-3433.

[28] Admasu, L., 2020. Study on Dairy cattle production systems, milk quality and major disease problems in Debre Berhan milkshed, central highlands of Ethiopia [PhD thesis]. Ethiopia: Addis Ababa University.

[29] Abebe B., 2018. A smallholder dairy production characteristics, microbial quality and safety of raw and fermented milk, and butter across the value chain in Addis Ababa and Asella milk shed [Master’s thesis]. Ethiopia: Haramaya University.

[30] Befekadu, T., Misganaw, W., Enidegena A., et al., 2019. Traditional knowledge of milk production, processing and utilization in Borena Zone, Ethiopia. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences. 14(2), 210- 221.

[31] Pandey, G.S., Voskuil, G.C.S., 2011. Manual on milk safety, quality and hygiene. Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust, Zambia. 52, 7-26.

[32] Sisay, L., 2018. Assessment of cow’s milk hygienic practices under small scale farmers in West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Advances in Life Science and Technology. 68, 46-55.

[33] Onyango, C.A., Gakuya, L.W., Mathooko, F.M., et al., 2014. Preservative effect of various indigenous plants on fermented milk from Maasai community of Kajiado County. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 73, 5935-5941.

[34] Tigist, T., 2021. Milk production and reproductive performance of local and crossbred dairy cows in Woreta Town, South Gondar Zone of Amhara Region [Master’s thesis]. Ethiopia: Bahir Dar University.

[35] Abraha, N., 2018. Handling, processing and utilization practices of milk products in Raya, the Southern Highlands of Tigray, Ethiopia. Scholar Journal of Food & Nutrition. 1(1).

[36] Ayantu, M., 2006. Women’s role on production, processing and marketing of milk and milk products in Delbo watershed of Wolayta [Master’s thesis]. Ethiopia: Hawassa University.

[37] Alganesh, T., 2002. Traditional milk and milk products handling practice and raw milk quality in Eastern Wollega, Ethiopia [Master’s thesis]. Ethiopia: Alemaya University.

[38] Abebe, B., Mohammed, Y., Zelalem, Y., 2014. Handling, processing and utilization of milk and milk products in Ethiopia: A review. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences. 9(2), 105-112.

[39] Kefyalew, G., Solomon, A., Mitku, E., et al., 2016. Production, processing and handling of cow milk in Dawa Chefa District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology. 7, 286.

[40] Desalegn, A., 2013. Antimicrobial activity of Lactic acid bacteria isolated from “Ergo”, Ethiopian traditional fermented milk. Current Research in Microbiology and Biotechnology. 1(6), 278-284.

[41] Gagara, M., Philippe, S., Francois, D., et al., 2019. A study on the indigenous methods of processing milk in Niger. Current Agriculture Research Journal. 7(2), 213-223.

[42] Zelalem, Y., Inger, L. (editors), 2000. Milk production, processing, marketing and the role of milk and milk products on smallholder farms’ income in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Proceeding of the 8th national conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP); 2000 Aug 26-24; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Society of Animal Production: Ethiopia. p. 139-154.

[43] O’Connor, C.B., 1993. Traditional Cheese Making Manual. ILCA: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 43.

[44] Food and Agriculture Organization, 1990. The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 85. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO: Rome, Italy. pp. 333.

[45] Getabalew, M., Alemneh, T., Zewdie, D., 2020. The milk processing: Status, challenges and opportunities in Ethiopia. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research. 6(1), 052-057.

[46] Tesfaye, M., 2007. Characterization of cattle milk and meat production, processing and marketing system in Metema district, Ethiopia [Master’s thesis]. Ethiopia: Hawassa University, Awassa. p. 209.

[47] Mekonen, T., Mengistu, G., 2017. Handling practices, evaluation of adulteration and microbial quality of raw cow milk around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Food Science and Quality Management. 61, 25-33.

[48] Asrat, A., Zelalem, Y., 2014. Patterns of milk and milk products adulteration in Boditti town and its surrounding, South Ethiopia. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science. 4(10), 512-516.

[49] Amistu, K., Afwork, Z., Meshesha, D., 2016. Assessment of butter marketing system and supply chain in case of Damot Woyde Woreda, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Marketing and Consumer Research. 20, 13-20.

[50] Getaneh, D., 2022. Assessments of raw cow milk quality on some selected Districts of Ayer Tena, Ghion and Kobel in Bahir Dar City [Master’s thesis]. Ethiopia: Bahir Dar University. p. 60.

[51] Fortunate, S., 2013. Assessment of Milk Handling Practices and Bacterial Contaminations along the Dairy Value Chain in Lushoto and Handeni Districts, Tanzania [Internet]. Dissertation, University of Agriculture Morogoro, Tanzania. Available from: https://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz/handle/123456789/522

[52] Seifu, E., Doluschitz, R., 2014. Analysis of the dairy value chain: Challenges and opportunities for dairy development in Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research. 2(6), 224-233.

[53] Yousuf, K.M., 2003. Certain aspects of the dairy systems in the Harar milkshed, Eastern Ethiopia [PhD thesis]. Bloemfontein: University of the Free State.

[54] Ayenew, Y.A., Wurzinger, M., Tegegne, A., et al., 2009. Handling, Processing and Marketing of Milk in the North Western Ethiopian Highlands [Internet]. Livestock Research for Rural Development [cited 2022 Oct 27]. Available from: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd21/7/ayen21097.htm