Research on World Agricultural Economy

Rural Agricultural Efficiency, Climate Sustainability, and Economic Performance: An Examination of Organic and Conventional Farming

Hayder M. Ali

Department of Information Technology, College of Science, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala 56001, Iraq

Gayathri Ananthakrishnan

Department of Information Technology, School of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Systems, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India

Anusha Papasani

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur 522502, India

Suvathipriya Subramani

Department of Agricultural Engineering, V.S.B. College of Engineering Technical Campus, Coimbatore 642109, India

Tariq Qarem

Faculty of Architecture and Design, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan

Aseel Smerat

Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan

Zokir Mamadiyarov

Department of Finance and Tourism, Termez University of Economics and Service, Termez, Uzbekistan

Department of Economics, Mamun University, Khiva, Uzbekistan

Department of Bank Accounting and Auditing, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Sudhakar Sengan

Department of Computer and Science and  Engineering, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, Erode 638057, Tamil Nadu, India

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v7i3.2740

Received: 14 September 2025 | Revised: 9 November 2025 | Accepted: 7 December 2025 | Published Online: 12 August 2026

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Abstract

Organic farming has emerged as a sustainable alternative to conventional farming, providing potential benefits in environmental conservation, crop quality, and market access. This study measures the impact of organic farming on agricultural productivity, resource utilisation, environmental sustainability, and trade competitiveness in Punjab, India. A comparative analysis of organic and conventional farming was conducted, focusing on key metrics such as crop yield per hectare, soil health, biological diversity, carbon footprint, and market access. As indicated by the research results, while conventional farming generated higher crop yield (e.g., the wheat crop: 4.47 vs. 3.82 t/ha, p = 0.034), organic farming improved in terms of resource utilisation, using less water (130.4 vs. 160.2 m³/t, p = 0.03) and energy consumption (225.6 vs. 270.8 kWh/t, p = 0.02). Organic farming was associated with better soil health (organic farming: 3.8% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.005) and superior biological diversity (species richness: 25 vs. 15, p = 0.008). Both findings were considered statistically significant. In terms of the marketplace, 68.2% of organic farming were able to access top marketplaces, whereas only 40.5% of conventional farming were (p = 0.01). By doing this, these individuals were able to negotiate higher costs (₹75.6 vs. ₹63.4/kg, p = 0.02). There is a clear result that organic farming products can be successful globally, as shown by the revealed comparative advantage (1.53).

Keywords: Organic Farming Practices; Agricultural Productivity; Market Access; Revealed Comparative Advantage; Soil Health; Machine Learning

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