Research on World Agricultural Economy

Predicting Agriculture Sustainability in Subak Pulagan as World Cultural Landscape of Bali: Bayesian Networks Approach

Ni Nyoman Reni Suasih

Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80361, Indonesia

Made Dwi Setyadhi Mustika

Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80361, Indonesia

Anak Agung Manik Pratiwi

Faculty of Tourism, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80361, Indonesia

Made Sinthya Aryasthini Mahaendrayasa

Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80361, Indonesia

I Gusti Ayu Prili Saraswati

Master of Economics Study Program, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80361, Indonesia

Ni Made Nami Krisnayanti

Bachelor of Development Economics Study Program, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali 80361, Indonesia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v5i3.1135

Received: 19 June 2024; Received in revised form: 10 July 2024; Accepted: 11 July 2024; Published: 15 August 2024

---

Abstract

Subak is a farmers' organization as an institution managing rice farming irrigation in Bali which has been around for thousands of years. Subak reflects the philosophical concept of Tri Hita Karana which unites the spirit world, the human world and nature. Subak Pulagan is one of five sites in Bali designated by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a world cultural landscape. The aim of this research is to identify key factors for agricultural sustainability in Subak Pulagan in terms of various institutional (people), profit and environmental (planet) components. The analysis technique uses a Bayesian network, where data was previously collected through Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The results of the analysis show that the opportunity for agricultural sustainability in Subak Pulagan is quite high. If we look at the three pillars of sustainability, if ‘profit’ is in maximum condition, it can provide the greatest opportunity to realize sustainable agriculture. If viewed from institutions (the role of government and the role of Subak), the possibility of sustainable agriculture will increase if these two institutions are also optimized. So farmer welfare (profit component) must be pursued, including through agricultural institutions. Incentive assistance through the transmission of land and building taxes, fertilizer, access to capital, and agricultural insurance are forms of incentives that the government can pursue.

Keywords: Sustainable agriculture; World cultural heritage; Subak Pulagan; Bayesian Belief Network; Institutional economics

---

References

[1] World Bank Group, 2018. The Role of Food and Agriculture for Job Creation and Poverty Reduction in Jordan and Lebanon. Report no. 124842, 1 March.

[2] Uphaus, C., 2008. Ending Hunger: The Role of Agriculture. Bread for the World Institute. (3), 1–8.

[3] Daugstad, K., Rønningen, K., Skar, B., 2006. Agriculture as an upholder of cultural heritage? Conceptualizations and value judgements—A Norwegian perspective in international context. Journal of Rural Studies. 22(1), 67–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.06.002

[4] Salite, D., Poskitt, S., 2019. Managing the impacts of drought: The role of cultural beliefs in small-scale farmers’ responses to drought in Gaza Province, southern Mozambique. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 41, 101298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101298

[5] Hidayat, N., 2018. Green banking: How to enhance banking policy on sustainable development, renewable energy, and biodiversity in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance. 1(1), 54–68.

[6] Suprapta, D.N., 2018. Linkage between Agriculture and Culture of Bali. Proceedings of The International Seminar cum Literary and Cultural Exchange. Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.

[7] Ardana, P.D.H., Suparwata, D.O., Sudrajat, A., et al., 2024. The role of Bali’s traditional Subak farming system in the preservation of natural and cultural resources. West Science Natureand Technology. 2(1), 31–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58812/wsnt.v2i04.754

[8] Raja, M.U.A., 2018. Manusia Dalam Disekuilibrium Alam: Kritik Atas Ekofenomenologi Saras Dewi [Humans in Natural Disequilibrium: Criticism of Saras Dewi's Ecophenomenology]. Balairung: Jurnal Multidisipliner Mahasiswa Indonesia. 1(1), 40–57. (in Bahasa)

[9] Suasih, N.N.R., Budhi, M.K.S., Yasa, I N.M., et al., 2018. Implementation of local wisdom in adoption of innovation to increase traditional farmer’s welfare in Bali. Journal of Comparative Asian Development. 17(1), 197–215.

[10] Statistics Bali Province, 2023. Complete Enumeration Results of the 2023 Census of Agriculture, 1st ed. Statistics Bali Province: Indonesia.

[11] Windia, W., Wiguna, W.A.A., 2013. Subak Warisan Budaya Dunia [Subak World Cultural Heritage]. Udayana University Press: Denpasar. pp. 1-289. (in Bahasa)

[12] Lansekap Budaya Provinsi Bali dalam Kerangka Warisan Dunia, 2022. Informasi Penataan Ruang [Spatial Planning Information]. Available online: https://tarubali.baliprov.go.id/lansekap-budaya-bali-dalam-kerangka-warisan-dunia/ (cited on 23 January 2024). (in Bahasa)

[13] UNESCO, 2012. Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy—Inscribed Property. Available online: https://whc.unesco.org/en/documents/117785 (cited on 23 January 2024).

[14] Sarita A.F., Windia, I.W., Sudarta, I.W., 2013. Farmers' Perceptions of The Designation of Subak as World Cultural Heritage (Case Study Of Subak Pulagan, Tampaksiring District, Gianyar Regency). Journal of Agribusiness and Agritourism. 44958. (in Bahasa)

[15] Winasari, N.M.P., Budhi, M.K.S., 2023. The Influence of Empowerment, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Institutions on the Welfare of Farmers in Subak Pulagan, Tampaksiring District, Gianyar Regency. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana. 12(4), 770–776. (in Bahasa)

[16] Christyanto, M., Mayulu, H., 2021. The Importance of Agricultural Development and Empowerment of Farmers in Border Areas in Efforts to Support National Food Security: Case Study in The Border Area of Kalimantan. Journal of Tropical Agrifood. 3(1), 1–14. (in Bahasa) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.35941/jtaf.3.1.2021.5041.1-14

[17] Lestari, N.P.D.N., Ginting, A.H., 2021. Efforts to Overcome the Conversion of Agricultural Land by Empowering Krama Subak (Study in Sukawati District, Gianyar Regency, Bali Province). Jurnal Pemerintahan dan Keamanan Publik. 2(1), 1–12. (in Bahasa) DOI: https://doi.org/10.33701/jpkp.v3i1.2012

[18] Adiatmika, I.W.W., Nain, U., 2022. Community empowerment in waste management through waste bank program in Tabanan Regency. Journal of Asian Multicultural Research for Social Science Study. 3(4), 17–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47616/jamrsss.v3i4.322

[19] Scott, W.R., 2008. Approaching adulthood: The maturing of institutional theory. Theory and Society, 37(5), 427–442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-008-9067-z

[20] Fauzi, A., Ariyani, N., 2024. From Traditional to Thriving: Predicting Rural Tourism Sustainability in Water Based Tourism of Kedung Ombo, Indonesia Using Bayesian Networks. Proceedings of The 2024 International Conference on Economics, Management, Education & Law.

[21] Kisioglu, P., Topcu, Y.I., 2011. Applying Bayesian Belief Network approach to customer churn analysis: A case study on the telecom industry of Turkey. Expert Systems with Applications. 38(6), 7151–7157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.12.045

[22] Suharso, W., Djunaidy, A., 2013. Analysis of customer churn using Bayesian belief Network (Case study: Internet service company). Jurnal Sistem Informasi. 4(5), 323–335. (in Bahasa) DOI: https://doi.org/10.24089/j.sisfo.2013.09.003

[23] Chakraborty, S., Mengersen, K., Fidge, C., et al., 2016. A Bayesian Network-based customer satisfaction model: a tool for management decisions in railway transport. Decision Analytics. 3(1), 1–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40165-016-0021-2

[24] Hoshino, E., van Putten, I., Girsang, W., et al., 2016. A Bayesian belief network model for community-based coastal resource management in the Kei Islands, Indonesia. Ecology and Society. 21(2), 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5751/es-08285-210216

[25] Cain, J., 2001. Planning improvements in natural resources management. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford: Oxon, UK.

[26] Ali, S., Stewart, R.A., Sahin, O., et al., 2024. Spatial bayesian approach for socio-economic assessment of pumped hydro storage. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 189, 114007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114007

[27] Anantayu, S., 2011. Farmer Institutions: Roles and Strategies for Capacity Development. SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis. 7(2). 102–109. (in Bahasa)

[28] Putri, S., Astriani, D., Susilo, R.K.D., et al., 2020. Organizational institutional system of Subak as a sustainable water resources manager. EnviroScienteae. 16(2), 225–237. (in Bahasa) DOI: https://doi.org/10.20527/es.v16i2.9654

[29] Budiasa, I.W., 2010. The double roles of Subak for Sustainable Agriculture in Bali Province. Jurnal AGRISEP: Kajian Masalah Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis. 9(2), 153–165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.9.2.153-165

[30] Sutawan, N., 2001. The existence of subak in Bali: Can it survive the various challenges? SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian. 1(2), 1–10. (in Bahasa)

[31] Tarigan, H., Dharmawan, A.H., Tjondronegoro, S.M.P., et al., 2013. Access rivalry to water resources in Yeh Ho, Tabanan, Bali. Jurnal Agro Ekonomi. 31(2), 143–159.

[32] Reni, S.N.N., Iketut, D., Imade, S., 2018. The role of subak (traditional farmers institution in Bali) to farmers’ welfare after the cultural landscape of Subak inscribed as a world heritage. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences. 75(3), 36–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-03.04

[33] Suasih, N.N.R., 2016. Analysis of Determinants of Farmer Welfare (Case Study in Subak Pulagan, Tampaksiring Village, Gianyar Regency). Disertasi. Program Doktor Ilmu Ekonomi Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana Denpasar. (in Bahasa)

[34] Adi, N.M.U.P., Suamba, I.K., Arisena, G.M.K., 2022. Socio-economic Conditions of Subak Jatiluwih Farmer Households After Being Declared a World Cultural Heritage. Agroinfo Galuh: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa. 9(3), 1082–1091. (in Bahasa) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/jimag.v9i3.8132

[35] Dewi, I.A.L., Wijayanti, P.U., Djelantik, A.A.A.W.S., 2013. Development Strategy on Subak Pulagan as an Agrotourism Area. dwijenAGRO. 3(2). (in Bahasa)