Clean Energy Technologies

Hydrogen Revolution: Advances in Catalytic Ammonia Decomposition

Muhammad Anis Aslam

Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hydrogen Science & Center of Hydrogen Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Muhammad Mustaqeem

Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40162, Pakistan

Muhammad Sohail Abbas

Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir-L 18800, Pakistan
CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystems and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China

Rashid Ahmad

Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir-L 18800, Pakistan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36956/cet.v1i1.1689

Received: 3 December 2024 | Revised: 17 January 2025 | Accepted: 21 January 2025 | Published Online: 30 January 2025

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Abstract

The simple storage of ammonia, combined with the tendency to liberate hydrogen without carbon dioxide emissions, has made ammonia breakdown popular among the research community in recent years. It has evolved as a promising method for hydrogen (H₂) production. The discussion highlights the critical role of catalyst composition, support materials, and promoters in enhancing activity, stability, and scalability. By comparing the advantages and limitations of each method, this work provides a roadmap for future research aimed at optimising NH₃-to-H₂ conversion for sustainable energy applications. This review article has discussed the current advances in ammonia breakdown technology for hydrogen generation, focusing on new materials and mechanical designs for catalysis especially emphasising thermocatalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic methods. Importance is given to exploring the recent developments of efficient and cost-effective catalysts, including monometallic (e.g., Ru, Ni) and bimetallic systems (e.g., Ru-Ni, Ni-Co), as well as metal hydrides. The Challenges, like high reaction temperatures, slow kinetics, and catalyst deactivation, are explored, and prospective solutions, such as low-temperature oxidative cleavage and plasma-assisted methods. The review also explores the mechanistic insights into NH₃ decomposition pathways and the synergistic effects of bimetallic catalysts. Moreover, it would help to update the knowledge about the catalytic reaction processes and emphasise the benefits and drawbacks of each strategy. Furthermore, the significance of discovering a cost-effective metal catalyst with better efficiency and higher reliability is also debated. This article may serve as a fundamental resource to scale up information about the catalytic production of hydrogen from ammonia.

Keywords: Ammonia; Hydrogen; Catalysis; Metallic Catalyst; Clean Energy

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