Research on World Agricultural Economy (RWAE) is an international, gold open access journal. The journal aims to publish research related to agricultural economics with a focus on studies on agricultural policies, production, trade, and marketing, as well as analysis of global agricultural trends and their implications for economic development. By being open-access and peer-reviewed, the journal strives to ensure that its content is accessible to a wide audience and meets rigorous standards of quality and accuracy, serving agricultural economics and rural development. View full aims and scope ISSN: 2737-4777 (Print) 2737-4785 (Online) Frequency: Quarterly (March, June, September, December) Journal Abbreviation: Res. World Agric. Econ. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Declare: We are committed to disseminating the latest academic research results, adhering to publishing ethics and standards, and publishing high-quality articles. We accept and welcome oversight from scholars within the research community. If you find any problems or have concerns, please contact the editorial office at rwae@nassg.org. We will actively respond to your feedback and suggestions and continuously improve and enhance the quality and influence of the journal. We will reward scholars with positive suggestions. Thanks to all the scholars for their help and support.
Analysis of the Agricultural Sector Impact on the Territory Sustainable Development in Kyrgyzstan through the Integral Indicators Calculation
The main objective of this study is to rank the territories of Kyrgyzstan by calculating integral indicators consisting of certain parameters of the agricultural sector that affect their sustainable development. The paper presents an approach to selecting territorial indicators considering the reflection of social, economic, and environmental aspects of development, namely: employment in the agricultural sector and poverty level; gross agricultural output per capita and its growth rate; reforestation and pesticides used in agriculture. In accordance with the methodology for calculating integral indicators, composite indices were determined reflecting the influence of the agricultural sector on the regions of the country for the following years with a five-year step: 2013, 2018, and 2023. The average composite indices of the influence of the agricultural sector on all regions by year were 2.81 (2013), 3.30 (2018), and 2.99 (2023). According to the results of ranking individual territories, the Chui and Issyk-Kul regions have consistently high results of the influence of the agricultural sector on their development. Batken region had the lowest rating for all observed periods, and Talas did the same during 2018–2023. In general, this methodological approach allows for similar calculations of the influence of any industry/sector on the development of the territory of a country or group of countries.
Copyright © 2025 Irina Borisovna Mukambaeva, Nurbek Jeembaevich Mukambaev, Nelly Ilinichna Akylbekova, Dinar Niyazbekovna Kozhomkulova, Pengfei Li , Gulzhan Kubanovna Esenamanova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Green Accounting Transformation and Sustainability Performance in Agricultural Enterprises: An Empirical Analysis
This study investigates the impact of green accounting practices on corporate sustainability performance across multiple industries, analyzing panel data from 187 publicly listed agricultural farms over a five-year period (2019–2023) using fixed-effects regression models to quantify the influence of comprehensive green accounting implementation on environmental, social, and governance outcomes. Drawing on resource-based theory, institutional theory, and stakeholder theory, this study provides theoretical insights into how accounting systems facilitate organizational responses to sustainability pressures. Our findings reveal robust positive associations between the Green Accounting Index and sustainability metrics, with the strongest effects observed for environmental performance (β = 0.284, p < 0.001, R² = 0.379), followed by social (β = 0.198) and governance dimensions (β = 0.153). The results demonstrate that green accounting functions not only as a compliance mechanism but also as a strategic catalyst, transforming how organizations perceive, measure, and improve their sustainability performance. Dimensional analysis identifies natural resource accounting as the most influential driver of environmental performance (β = 0.38), while integrated reporting frameworks demonstrate the strongest effect on governance outcomes (β = 0.31). Leadership commitment emerges as the most significant moderating factor (β = 0.112, p < 0.01), with the relationship between green accounting and sustainability strengthening over time (45.9% increase in effect size from 2019–2023) and varying substantially across industries (Energy: β = 0.325 vs. IT: β = 0.187). Agricultural farms implementing comprehensive green accounting achieved significant operational improvements, including a 23% average reduction in emissions intensity and a 17% enhancement in resource efficiency, with implications for management practice, organizational design, and policy development.
Copyright © 2025 Mujie Song, Tengzhou Jin, Zekai Nie , Shaoxin Zheng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Economic Vulnerability of Cereal Production in Northern Algeria under Climate Change: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Adaptation Strategies Using DSSAT-SWOT
This study examines the economic vulnerability of cereal production to climate change across four key regions of northern Algeria, Blida, Tizi Ouzou, Tiaret, and Sétif, selected for their agro-climatic diversity and strategic contribution to national grain supply. By integrating DSSAT crop modeling with a SWOT-AHP multi-criteria framework, the research evaluates adaptation strategies through a cost-benefit perspective. Climate projections under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (2025–2050) suggest potential cereal yield declines of 18% to 40% by mid-century, which could raise annual cereal import costs by $1.2 billion and result in the loss of up to 12,000 agricultural jobs. Among the climatic constraints, heat stress during the flowering stage emerges as the most critical yield-limiting factor. Stakeholder-weighted prioritization highlights drip irrigation (BCR = 2.8) and drought-tolerant seed varieties (BCR = 1.9) as the most economically viable interventions, though both require substantial initial investment (≈ $500 million) and subsidy reforms. The findings reveal significant trade-offs within Algeria’s agricultural policy but underscore that reallocating existing cereal subsidies toward climate-smart technologies could considerably strengthen resilience while maintaining food security in semi-arid regions. Beyond Algeria, the study provides a replicable framework for other countries facing similar climate–agriculture challenges, combining biophysical modeling with participatory decision-making to guide cost-effective adaptation.
Copyright © 2025 MAROUF ARIBI Mohamed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Power Dynamics and Participatory Irrigation Water Management: Impacts on Farmer Satisfaction in Central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
This research aimed to assess collective and participatory irrigation water management in relation to farmers' satisfaction with water distribution in central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study randomly selected 466 farmers using a multistage stratified random sampling technique, collecting data through interviews. Chi-square and Kendall’s Tau-c tests and order logistic regression analysis were applied. Results revealed a significant and positive association between farmers' satisfaction and the village-level organizations managing irrigation (P = 0.000; Tc = 0.180), membership of these organization (P = 0.000; Tc = 0.174), planning of water management (P = 0.000; Tc = 0.169), collective participation in water management (P = 0.000; Tc = 0.176), rotational irrigation timeframe (P = 0.000; Tc = 0.092), and collectively planned water management activities (P = 0.004; Tc = 0.112). Similarly, by keeping farmers participate in irrigation management to a lesser extent as base category, the positive co-efficient indicates that the log odds for satisfaction with water distribution increases among farmer’s participate in irrigation management to a greater extent (co-efficient = 1.681, OR = 5.37, P = 0.000) and farmers somewhat participate in irrigation management (co-efficient = 0.735, OR = 2.09, P = 0.003). The study concluded that community-driven efforts, once central to irrigation management, are now limited to seasonal maintenance of channels. Both irrigation authorities and influential farmers resist forming specific farmer organizations for water management. The study recommends establishing inclusive village-level irrigation committees to plan and implement strategies, ensuring representation for marginalized farmers to reduce dissatisfaction with water distribution.
Copyright © 2025 Abdul Zahir, Asad Ullah, Osman Elwasila, Yonis Gulzar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Peer Learning and Technology Adoption in Cashew Nut Production: Evidence from APPEALS Cluster Farmers in Kogi State, Nigeria
In the context of increasing global demand for cashews and the need for sustainable agricultural innovation, this study examines how peer learning facilitates the adoption and diffusion of cashew production technologies among farmers within a World Bank‑supported Nigeria Agro Processing, Productivity Enhancement, and Livelihood Support (APPEALS) project. A cluster sampling technique was used to select 180 cashew nut farmers. A questionnaire, direct interviews, records from focus group discussions, and field trips were used to collect data. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Tobit regression model. Results showed that there was active participation in the sharing and exchange of ideas, technologies, information, and innovations among farmers through one‑on‑one contact with fellow farmers, technical advisory/extension visits by the APPEALS team, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and field trips and demonstrations. Most of the technologies, such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), fire terracing, nursery preparation techniques, and marketing, were at the interest, trial, and adoption stages, except for the soil sampling technique, which was at the awareness stage. Education, farming experience, marital status, and household size significantly influenced the probability of intensifying the adoption of cashew production technologies. It is recommended that efforts should be made to strengthen the adoption of technologies.
Copyright © 2025 Stella Oione Adejoh, Patrick Emmanuel Adejo, Olusola Jamiu Saliu, Odekina Menyaga Umar, Eneojo Adega Samuel, Eleojo Grace Adejo, Gbenga Opeyemi, Ufedo Monday Sahibu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Modeling the Process of Idea Generation for Designing Sustainable Services in the Agriculture Sector
The emergence of new services requires a lot of effort, and most of all, creativity. The business longs for innovation in all fields, including the agricultural business. Moreover, the development of sustainable services in agriculture is even more important to enable a response to climate change, meet customers' demands for ecology, and comply with government regulations for sustainable farming. There is no specific model for organizing the idea generation process for modeling sustainable services, or the existing models do not fully satisfy the businesses looking for the idea generation guidelines in sustainable farming. Therefore, all these factors underscore the need for a specific model to develop sustainable services in agriculture. Based on research on designing sustainable services, the modelling process of idea generation, and the model of the idea generation process for designing sustainable services in the agricultural sector was developed and presented in this article. The article explains the process of creating a model in the field of sustainability and conducts research on its implementation involving companies operating in the sustainable agriculture sector. The steps of the model application are explained in detail. As the study shows, the model of the idea generation process can be widely used not only for modeling sustainable services in agriculture, but also in a broad spectrum of service design.
Copyright © 2025 Rolandas Drejeris, Simona Jankauskaitė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Balanced Management of Meat Processing Enterprises Under Conditions of Food and Resource Instability in Kazakhstan
The business operations of industrial enterprises engaged in the processing of agricultural animal-origin raw materials, including meat processing, are increasingly exposed to negative environmental, market, and institutional factors that constrain their sustainable development. These challenges are exacerbated by unstable production volumes and a shortage of domestically produced meat raw materials, particularly beef, which undermines the country's food security and intensifies competition among meat product manufacturers. In this context, the development and application of scientifically grounded management tools are crucial for enhancing the stability and efficiency of meat processing enterprises. The objective of this research is to provide theoretical justification and develop methodological and practical support for creating a balanced management system tailored to the specific business environment of meat processing enterprises. The scientific novelty of the study lies in developing a comprehensive set of scientific and methodological principles for building such a system, taking into account the distinctive features of meat processing business processes. The research results include the substantiation of methodological approaches for the economic assessment of development balance in enterprise management. A key element of the proposed approach is the use of specialized analytical matrices designed to assess the balance level across three main components: resource generation, cost absorption, and achieved economic outcomes. The practical application of these tools enables the identification of critical imbalances in enterprise operations, supporting informed management decisions aimed at improving production efficiency, strengthening competitiveness, and ensuring the long-term sustainable development of meat processing enterprises.
Copyright © 2025 Kuatbekova Raykhan, Mukhamedkhanova Ainur, Alzhanova Aigul, Uskenov Makhalbay, Karimov Diyor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Factors Affecting High-Tech Application Behavior in Livestock Industry in the South Central and Central Highlands Regions, Vietnam
The application of high technology in agricultural activities contributes to increased productivity, improved production efficiency, enhanced product quality, cost savings, reduced production costs, and, potentially, environmental protection. However, the development and adoption of high technology in agricultural production–particularly in the livestock sector–remain significant challenges in Vietnam. This study was conducted to identify and analyze the factors influencing the behavior of high-tech adoption in livestock farming in the South Central Coast and Central Highlands regions of Vietnam. The data used in this study were collected through a survey of 297 livestock farmers in the South Central and Central Highlands regions of Vietnam. It utilized SPSS 22 and AMOS software to evaluate the factors influencing the adoption of high technology in the livestock industry. The analysis revealed a direct positive relationship between several factors–expected efficiency, expected effort, favorable conditions, social influence, trade–off value, limitations of traditional production, and environmental awareness–and the intention to use high technology. Additionally, favorable conditions were positively linked to both the intention to use high technology and the actual behavior of adopting it in livestock farming. Based on these findings, the study offers several recommendations for localities, farms, and livestock companies to promote the application of high technology in production, particularly in the South Central and Central Highlands provinces of Vietnam.
Copyright © 2025 Thi Hoai Huong Hoang, Thi Thanh Nhan Tran, Thi Yen Le https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sumatra Farmers’ Welfare Analysis: A Modified Geographic Weight Regression (Gwr) Model Application
This study aims to analyze the level of welfare of farmer households on the island of Sumatra and examine the determinants of their factors. The study employs a multidimensional poverty index (MPI) comprising three dimensions: health, education, and standard of living. This poverty data and the determinant factors used in this study were obtained from data from the 2023 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) involving 154 city districts on Sumatra Island. The data was analyzed using Modified Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) where commodity prices and the Geographic Difficulty Index (IKG) were used as weights instead of latitude and longitude. The findings indicate that farmers’ welfare is quite good on the island of Sumatra, where the results of calculating the district/city MPI are at a value of 0 to 0,2726 which is included in the Low MPI criteria. The Modified GWR model performs better with an R-square of 0,49 and an adjusted R-square of 0,47. This study also found that the variables of average length of schooling, number of household members, per capita expenditure, government assistance, life expectancy, and land ownership had a very significant effect on the farmers’ welfare. Therefore, it is important for the government to ensure equitable access to education, health and other public facilities, enhancing farmers' skills through mentoring programs, especially for people in rural areas.
Copyright © 2025 Iin Inayati, Ketut Sukiyono, Retno Agustina Ekaputri, Purmini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ASEAN’s Ocean-Linked Merchandise and Trade Facilitation: A Quantitative Assessment of Regional Trade Flows
Situated within the strategic context of the ASEAN Blue Economy Framework, this paper presents a quantitative assessment of the multifaceted influence of trade facilitation (TF) on ocean-linked merchandise trade. Using a gravity model with PPML estimation on panel data for nine ASEAN coastal countries and thirty-three global partners from 2017 to 2022, the analysis provides a distinct examination of intra-ASEAN and extra-ASEAN trade flows, employing an expanded classification of ocean-linked goods and updated TF metrics. The results consistently show that TF reforms significantly boost maritime commerce by minimizing border delays and transaction costs, with the trade-enhancing effects being more pronounced for trade with partners outside the ASEAN region. Among the different dimensions, effective governance and improved transparency were found to be particularly impactful catalysts for trade. However, the analysis also confirms that these positive trends were hindered by persistent impediments, such as geographical distance, and were significantly counteracted by adverse policy and economic shocks in 2019 and 2022. These findings underscore the necessity of a targeted TF strategy for ASEAN, focusing on strengthening governance and transparency to enhance efficiency, build supply chain resilience, and sustainably harness the region's strategic maritime potential.
Copyright © 2025 Manh Hung Nguyen, Thi Phuong Lan Nguyen, Cam Tu Nguyen, Dieu Linh Mai, Thi Thu Hoai Vu, Anh Van Le, Thi Mai Thanh Tran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Understanding the Economic Pressures in Hog Production: Implications for Food Security and Agricultural Policy
This study investigates closely at the problems faced by small and medium-sized hog farmers in the Philippines, especially in terms of money, technology, government support, and environmental concerns. Using a descriptive quantitative method, the researchers gathered data from 49 actual hog farmers about their daily experiences. The results show that the biggest problem is financial—such as the high price of animal feed and the changing price of live pigs, which makes it hard for farmers to earn steady income. Many of these farmers depend on hog raising to support their families, but they often don’t have access to affordable veterinary services, modern tools, or strong support groups like cooperatives. The study also found that most farmers are not part of coops and are not very involved with government programs, which makes it harder for them to respond to diseases or changing farming rules. These issues weaken the hog farming sector overall. The regression analysis confirmed that money matters, technology use, policy awareness, and environmental practices all strongly affect whether farms can survive for the long term. This research ends with a clear message: to keep hog farming alive and strong, there must be a complete action plan. This includes giving financial help like subsidies, training for modern farming practices, building stronger cooperatives, and encouraging the youth to return to farming. With these combined efforts, hog farming in the Philippines can grow again and continue to support food security and rural community life.
Copyright © 2025 Joannie A. Galano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Strategic Competitiveness of Thai Agricultural Community Enterprises: A Case Study of Cricket-Based Dog Treats
This research examines the capacity of cricket-infused dog treats produced by the Organic Farming Community Enterprise of Ban Mae Tad to establish a competitive advantage and explores the formulation of a sustainable community business model grounded in local engagement. The research aims to assess the product’s market position by examining both strategic objectives and consumer behaviour. Findings indicate that consumers are open to adapting to novel products like insect-based treats, especially when they align with trends in sustainability and health. This growing acceptance has encouraged the community enterprise to diversify its distribution channels, enhancing market accessibility and resulting in increased revenue. This progress supports the broader aim of achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to poverty reduction and economic resilience in rural communities. Moreover, the study applied the Probit model to analyse key factors influencing consumer purchase decisions. The model shows that a one-point increase in the average perception score regarding product attributes boosts the probability of purchase by 55.48 percent. Likewise, a one-point rise in the perceived value of price increases the purchase probability by 60.99 percent. Both results are statistically significant, underscoring the importance of product quality and pricing in shaping consumer choices. Overall, the research highlights the potential for integrating sustainable agricultural practices with innovative product development to enhance local economies. The involvement of the community in business planning ensures long-term viability and aligns with national and global goals for sustainable development and inclusive economic growth.
Copyright © 2025 Chonrada Nunti, Kewalin Somboon, Varattaya Jangkrajarng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Economically Optimal Soil Sampling Density and Application Technology for Potassium Fertilizer for Soybean in the Mid-Southern US
To maximize beneficial potassium (K) fertilizer use in irrigated soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.) fields with spatially varying soil-test K (STK), the value of added information from more precise STK maps must be greater than the associated information collection costs. In eleven fields, we modeled the impact of soil sampling densities (SD) ranging from 2.2 samples ha-1 in the largest field (41.2 ha) to 13.59 samples ha-1 in the smallest field (7.4 ha) on STK maps with 0.4 ha grid size. The accuracy of profit-maximizing fertilizer rate prescription maps varied by SD and subsequent yield estimates using either uniform rate technology (URT) or variable rate technology (VRT). Fertilizer rate recommendations also depended on: i) the expected field yield; ii) the crop price; and iii) the fertilizer cost, costs for fertilizer application, and information collection charges that varied by application technology. Relative profitability comparisons across SD and fields revealed that collecting more than 1.1 samples ha-1 was not viable. URT was more profitable than VRT (ranging from $2.29 ha-1 to $7.62 ha-1) at both relatively low and high field-level average STK and spatial variation in STK. At the mid-range level of STK, where adding K-fertilizer was on the verge of being profitable in light of nearly adequate STK, VRT outperformed URT in two of eleven fields by $11.50 to $21.35 ha-1. Regardless of soybean price and fertilizer cost, a smaller upcharge for VRT compared to URT fertilizer application than the $5 ha-1 modeled herein is necessary to increase VRT viability.
Copyright © 2025 Michael Popp, Bayarbat Badarch, Aurelie Poncet, Shelby Rider, Nathan Slaton https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Turkish Walnut Market: Price Transmission, Climate Impacts, and Policy Implications
This study examines the interplay of price transmission mechanisms, climate shocks, and exchange rate dynamics in Turkey’s walnut market using a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model. Analyzing monthly data on domestic producer prices, import prices, and production volumes, we uncover a counterintuitive inverse relationship between import and domestic prices: a 1% rise in import prices reduces domestic producer prices by 2.3% within two months, with a cumulative effect of 4.1% over five months. This suggests domestic producers lower prices to compete with higher-cost imports, revealing an "import competition effect" unique to this market. Exchange rate volatility amplifies this dynamic, with a 10% depreciation of the Turkish Lira raising import prices by 7.2%, accounting for 22% of their variance. Climate shocks further disrupt market equilibrium asymmetrically. Frost events trigger immediate production declines (−14.7%) and rapid price spikes (+5.3% within one month), while droughts cause protracted supply reductions (−8.4% over six months). Critically, climate shocks double the elasticity of domestic prices to import price changes (−0.47 vs. −0.23) and accelerate transmission, peaking within one month instead of two. Policy implications emphasize exchange rate stabilization (e.g., central bank currency swaps could reduce pass-through by 31%), climate adaptation (drought-resistant cultivars and drip irrigation may cut production volatility by 17–23%), and hybrid trade policies (seasonal tariffs with quotas). These findings underscore the vulnerability of perennial crop markets in emerging economies to global and climatic shocks, offering a framework for building resilience in analogous agricultural sectors.
Copyright © 2025 Çağlar Yurtseven https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Business Cycle on Economic Growth in Selected Five African Countries: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis
This study investigates the impact of business cycles on agricultural economic growth in Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt, Algeria, and Kenya from 2001 to 2021, providing critical insights into how macroeconomic fluctuations influence agribusiness investment, food security, and trade stability in Africa. The research is grounded in the need to understand the asymmetric effects of economic dynamics in diverse African contexts, where agriculture remains a vital sector for development and livelihoods. Utilizing dynamic panel data analysis via the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), the study examines the roles of interest rates, inflation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and exchange rate volatility on agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in both short-term and long-term perspectives. Findings indicate that interest rates, FDI, and moderate inflation positively contribute to short-term growth, while exchange rate fluctuations and economic downturns hamper agribusiness financing and food security. Long-term growth relies heavily on sustaining FDI inflows and maintaining stable interest rate policies. By applying GMM, this research advances understanding of the complex, dynamic relationships between business cycles and agricultural development, offering valuable insights into strengthening the resilience of rural economies. The study concludes that policymakers should implement targeted monetary strategies that stabilize investment environments, promote FDI, and control inflation to foster sustainable agricultural growth, ensure food security, and enhance economic stability across the studied countries.
Copyright © 2025 Sani Abdullahi Sule , Mustafa Latif Emek, Lukman Hakim, Tetuko Rawidyo Putro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integrating Mongolian Culture into Agro-Tourism for Rural Income Growth: Evidence from Gongjiban Village, Inner Mongolia
This study discusses the impact of cultural influences within conventional Mongolian settings on rural income generation through agro-tourism in Gongjiban Village, Inner Mongolia. Drawing from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the theoretical model discusses Cultural Identification (CI) and Emotional Response (ER) as antecedents to Behavioral Intention (BI) for income-generating participation. Data were collected according to a structured survey of 110 residents, officials, and rural entrepreneurs, and the model was estimated using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS–SEM) with mediation analysis. Results show that CI and ER have a strong impact on BI, which in turn predicts Economic Engagement (EE) in agro-tourism enterprises, culturally branded product production, and participation in festival-based markets. BI serves as a mediating process, translating cultural identity and emotional incentive into tangible economic behaviors. While the study is empirically grounded in Gongjiban Village, its implications depict the broader applicability of culture-based embedded agro-tourism to diversify family incomes, enhance value chain inclusion, and drive economic resilience in ethnic minority regions. Policy implications reinforce the significance of integrating cultural capital into rural development planning. Contextualized responses are called for to maximize economic viability without sacrificing intangible cultural heritage, offering pragmatic lessons to policymakers, rural planners, and local actors.
Copyright © 2025 Jieqiong Jiao, Nurhayati Abdul Malek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Traditional Feeding practices of Brokpas in Arunachal Pradesh: A Case Study on Estimating Economic Efficiency of Yak Herders in Northeast India
Yak Herding plays a significant role in the livelihoods of high-altitude pastoral communities in Arunachal Pradesh, India. This study aims to analyze the influence of traditional feeding strategies on yak health, milk yield, production, and overall economic efficiency. The highland pastoralist communities are dependent on the natural grazing for their animal, which is a sustainable and cost-effective way of livelihood. Despite facing multiple challenges concerning feed management. The research is based on field observations, surveys, and interviews with yak herders to analyze traditional and modern feeding practices followed by the yak herders in remote areas of Arunachal Pradesh. The study highlights the need for sustainable feeding strategies to ensure better productivity, economic viability, and resilience against climatic challenges. Proper feeding practices, including supplementary feeding during winter and improved pasture management, significantly enhance milk production, reproductive performance, and yak survival rates. Findings indicate that at the 0.05 level of significance, the labour cost coefficient and the concentrate and mineral cost coefficient both show positive trends and are statistically significant. The positive coefficient means that the cost of producing milk will increase by 0.0287 per cent for every per cent increase in concentrate and mineral prices. In a similar vein, the positive labour cost coefficient suggests that a per cent rise in labour costs will result in a 0.062 per cent increase in milk production costs. Recommendations include the adoption of balanced nutrition plans, fodder conservation techniques, and policy support for improving feed availability. The findings contribute to the broader understanding of efficient yak farming practices in Arunachal Pradesh and their implications for pastoral sustainability.
Copyright © 2025 Tenzin Choephel, Manmohan Mall, Odang Mara, Thuptan Tashi, Manoj Kumar Mohanty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Linkages Between Primary Sector Value Added, Financial Development, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Vanuatu
In the context of Vanuatu—a small island nation in the South Pacific—economic growth faces persistent challenges stemming from limited scale, heavy reliance on agriculture, and high vulnerability to natural disasters. Against this backdrop, the role of the financial system has become increasingly significant. This study employs a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, combined with Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Variance Decomposition (VDC) analysis, to examine the dynamic relationships between economic growth, agricultural value added (AVA), and financial development (FD) from 1980 to 2022. The results reveal that: (i) shocks from AVA exert a positive but short-lived effect on GDP; (ii) financial shocks have strong and lasting impacts on both GDP and AVA, while GDP also responds substantially to FD; and (iii) variance decomposition underscores the dominant role of credit in explaining growth fluctuations, far exceeding the contribution of the primary sector. These findings suggest that although agriculture continues to play a crucial social role, Vanuatu’s macroeconomic growth dynamics increasingly depend on financial development. Policy implications highlight the need to expand inclusive credit, particularly targeting rural and agricultural sectors, while simultaneously fostering non-agricultural industries to diversify the economy.
Copyright © 2025 Huy Nguyen Quoc, Dinh Le Quoc https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis and Research on China-Russia Agricultural Economic Smart Supply Chain from the Perspective of Global Food Security
In an era of intensifying global food insecurity, agricultural supply systems confront unprecedented destabilization driven by interconnected geopolitical, climatic, and logistical risks. Against this critical backdrop, Sino-Russian agricultural cooperation crystallizes as a geostrategic imperative, capitalizing on complementary resource endowments—Russia’s vast arable expanses and China’s technological prowess—to fortify transnational food resilience architectures. This research critically investigates the evolution of intelligent supply chain within this bilateral agro-economic nexus through triangulated empirical case studies and system dynamics modeling. Rigorous analysis not only maps operational efficiencies across production, processing, and distribution nodes but also identifies key structural impediments, spanning infrastructural deficiencies, regulatory asymmetries, and technological adoption gaps. Building upon these diagnostics, we propose a suite of actionable optimization strategies: digital twin integration for real-time logistics coordination, blockchain-enabled traceability frameworks, and AI-driven risk mitigation protocols. The study’s contributions are twofold. First, it advances bilateral integration through evidence-based governance frameworks that harmonize policy alignment with targeted investment pathways. Second, it engineers implementable solutions—modular technology toolkits and adaptive financing mechanisms—that structurally reinforce food security infrastructures against systemic shocks. These insights catalyze transformative policy design while establishing scalable partnership models for cultivating sustainable agricultural ecosystems within increasingly volatile global markets. Ultimately, this work illuminates how strategic cross-border agro-industrial symbiosis can transcend traditional trade paradigms to underpin collective food sovereignty.
Copyright © 2025 Sun Chunxing, Rogulenko Tatyana Mikhailovna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Determinants of Willingness and Behavioral Actions on Occupation Transition Among Fishermen on the Liaodong Peninsula Coast, China
As marine ecosystems have deteriorated and protective measures have been implemented, marine fishery yields have decreased. The reduced economic returns from fishing activities prompt individuals from coastal communities to seek alternative employment. However, constraints such as limited educational qualifications led many to remain reluctant to leave the marine fishing sector. This research analyzed the influencing factors from four perspectives: household characteristics, working conditions, government and community support, and the natural environment, by a field survey in three coastal cities of Liaoning Province—Dalian, Zhuanghe, and Dandong. Through bivariate probit regression model analysis, the findings showed that 70% of fishermen expressed a willingness to pursue occupational transfers, while only 30% have completed this transition. We found that educational background and working experience have a negative influence on the willingness of fishermen to transition to a new occupation. The fishery community influences both fishermen’s willingness and behavior regarding their occupation transition. The use of the internet in marketing has a positive effect on fishermen’s willingness to transition. Additionally, mitigation measures are essential in shaping both the willingness and behavior of fishermen during occupational transitions. Based on these findings, we propose several recommendations to promote the sustainable development of fishery communities. First, career development training should be provided to fishermen to enhance their adaptability and skill sets, facilitating smoother occupational transitions. Second, it is important to strengthen support systems and foster mutual understanding. Finally, the effectiveness of mitigation measures should be improved to assist fishermen better as they navigate occupational changes.
Copyright © 2025 Muzi Li, Masaaki Yamada, Shuang Gao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Green Finance and the Transformation of Agricultural Structure in China: Empirical Evidence from Urban Panel Data (2013–2023)
Green finance (GF) offers sustainable solutions to challenges in agricultural sustainable development. This study examines the impact and mechanism of GF on the transformation of agricultural structure (AST). The problem statement highlights that although China emphasizes the establishment of a rural financial system and takes rural revitalization as a national strategy, issues related to innovative rural financial products and promoting rural economic development remain challenging. Using a dataset with 2505 observations spanning the period of 2013–2023 on China’s urban population, we utilize a two-way fixed effects model to explore the relationship between GF and AST. In addition, a mediation effect model is constructed to analyze the impact of GF on AST from the perspectives of green sustainable innovation (GSI), green consumption levels (GCL), and credit allocation efficiency (CAE). To account for regional disparities, we conducted heterogeneity analyses both at the urban level and by geographic region. The results indicate that GF effectively stimulates AST by optimizing CAE, enhancing GCL, and promoting GSI. Specifically, an increase in the share of agricultural inputs supporting sustainable and green development significantly altered the structure of agricultural outputs. Additionally, the findings suggest that the influence of GF on AST shows regional heterogeneity, which is more significant in low-urbanized cities in the eastern and central regions of China. This study provides insights into how global agriculture can seize opportunities for sustainable development within the context of the GF.
Copyright © 2025 Min Cao , Nurhafiza Abdul Kader Malim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Production Factor Utilization on Shallot Farming with Surjan Technology System on Sub–Optimal Land to Enhance Production Efficiency
This study aimed to determine the effect of production factor utilization on shallot production. Three production factors were investigated, including seeds, land area, and NPK fertilizer. The application of these production factors was implemented among farmers who used the Surjan cultivation technology system. This study employed a quantitative method with a descriptive approach. The sampling technique used was proportional stratified random sampling, with a total sample of 44 shallot farmers. The analysis used included multiple linear regression and the Cobb–Douglas production function. The results showed that the elasticity values of seed, land, and NPK fertilizer production factors were 0.223, 0.471, and 0.236, respectively. The analysis results indicated that the production elasticity values of each production factor, namely seeds, land, and NPK fertilizer, were positive but less than 1. This means that the addition of these three production factors still had a positive impact on increasing shallot production. Therefore, farmers could increase the use of seeds, expand land area, and add NPK fertilizer up to a certain limit. The overall elasticity value was 0.93, indicating that the three inputs could still be increased in use. In this condition, farmers could combine the use of these inputs to achieve optimal production. Additionally, the use of high–quality seeds and increasing the quantity per hectare was recommended. Land expansion could be achieved through extensification or by increasing the cropping index.
Copyright © 2025 ALIUDIN, Setiawan Sariyoga, Aris Supriyo Wibowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Agricultural Market Seasonality Dynamics Inducing Farmers’ Commercialisation Intensity Efforts within Cash Crop Farming
The importance of agricultural commercialization cannot be overemphasized, particularly with the need to achieve zero hunger and improve the provision of nutritious food for the gradually increasing population. Agricultural commercialization is essential for economic development, improved food security, and enhanced livelihoods for societies dependent on agriculture. The current study investigated agricultural market seasonality dynamics influencing farmers’ transition from emerging to commercial farming at Thulamela municipality of Limpopo province, South Africa. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 207 vegetable farmers. Data was collected through in-person interviews and analyzed using descriptive analysis and a multinomial regression model. The study revealed that the vegetables most produced within the study sample were spinach, tomatoes, and cabbage, primarily due to their low production costs, affordability, and cultural preference. Furthermore, the study findings indicated that market dynamics such as commodity seasonality, product variation, perishability rate, commodity supplied volumes, and market selling price enhanced farmers’ commercialization intensity. Meanwhile, market dynamics such as commodity shelf lifespan, market competition, and selling season had a regressive influence in intensifying commercialization at various levels. The study recommends integrating short-shelf lifespan commodities with more durable ones to improve sales volumes, intensifying commercialization efforts. Moreover, the study also recommends acclimatizing farmers to the market dynamics in which they intend to supply their produce
Copyright © 2025 Takalani Isaac Khorombi, Dakalo Phaswana, Mpho Tshikororo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Empirical Study on the Mechanism of Agricultural Product Value Chains Driving Agricultural-Cultural-Tourism Collaborative Development from the Perspective of Cultural Empowerment
With the transformation and upgrading of the global agricultural economy and the diversified development of consumer demands, cultural empowerment has emerged as a crucial driving force for restructuring agricultural product value chains and promoting the collaborative development of agriculture, culture, and tourism. Based on empirical data from 15 major agricultural regions in China during 2020-2024, this study employs mixed research methods to systematically analyze the operational mechanisms, influencing factors, and development effects of agricultural product value chains driving agri-cultural-tourism collaborative development from the perspective of cultural empowerment. The research constructs a theoretical analytical framework for cultural empowerment in agricultural product value chain upgrading, identifies three-level empowerment pathways including cultural resource development, cultural value transformation, and cultural brand building, and establishes a driving mechanism model for agri-cultural-tourism collaborative development. Empirical results indicate that: cultural empowerment has a significantly positive impact on agricultural product value chain upgrading, with each unit increase in cultural empowerment intensity leading to an average 23.7% improvement in agricultural product value chain efficiency and a 31.2% enhancement in product premium capability; agri-cultural-tourism collaborative development generates significant effects across economic, socio-cultural, and ecological dimensions, with comprehensive development models achieving 56.8% higher economic benefits than single models, 73.6% improvement in cultural heritage protection levels, and 82.4% enhancement in community cohesion; policy environment, market demand changes, and technological innovation constitute core driving factors for collaborative development, with policy support intensity showing significant positive correlation with development effectiveness (r=0.847), and digital technology applications improving integration efficiency by 59.7%; different development models exhibit differentiated characteristics, with comprehensive development models demonstrating optimal sustainability (92.7%), export-oriented models achieving highest economic efficiency (86.3%), and cultural tourism models showing best cultural protection effects (89.6%); culturally empowered agricultural products demonstrate strong competitive advantages in international trade, with export growth rates (38.9%) significantly higher than traditional agricultural products (12.7%) and international market premiums reaching 47.6%. This research enriches agricultural value chain theory and industrial integration theory, providing theoretical foundations and practical guidance for promoting high-quality agricultural development, rural revitalization, and enhancement of agricultural international competitiveness, with important significance for promoting global sustainable agricultural development and rural economic transformation.
Copyright © 2025 Zixin Chen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Characteristics and Attitudes Towards Food Safety Among Small-Scale Farmers in Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile
This study surveyed 80 small-scale vegetable farmers in Chile's Santiago Metropolitan Region to investigate their characteristics, attitudes, and knowledge concerning food safety. The findings indicate that the surveyed farmers largely rely on informal sales channels, where buyers typically do not mandate food safety compliance. Although 65% of farmers reported following Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), only a small fraction held formal certifications, revealing a notable disparity between perceived and actual adherence. A prevalent misconception was identified, with 60% of farmers incorrectly believing GAP and food safety to be synonymous. This divergence can be partially explained by the farmers' heavy reliance on informal sales channels. Farmers generally expressed confidence in their production systems to deliver safe products and were satisfied with their pest, disease, weed control, and irrigation techniques. However, they displayed less assurance regarding agrochemical residue management, record-keeping, and product preservation. While acknowledging the need to evolve beyond traditional farming methods, farmers viewed GAP implementation as requiring substantial investment. A multivariate analysis revealed the existence of two distinct farmer groups, delineated by their attitudes towards food safety, market orientation, and perceived benefits of integration into the formal economy. Commercially oriented farmers using conventional agriculture showed a heightened awareness of the challenges in implementing GAP. Conversely, those focused on self-consumption and organic farming tended to underestimate these difficulties. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted public policies to bridge the gap between farmers’ current practices and formal food safety standards, addressing technical resource gaps, clarifying conceptual ambiguities, and fostering market opportunities.
Copyright © 2025 Sofia Boza, Giannina Lagomarsino https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geoclimatic and Socioeconomic Influences on Water Use Efficiency in Cotton Crops Productivity: A Sustainable Business and Management Farming Perspective
The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of geo–climate and socio–economic influences on water use efficiency in cotton crops. Consequently, the current water demand for cotton has substantially increased, posing significant threats and challenges to crop productivity. This study uses an annual time series data set for two provinces of Pakistan. For this purpose, an auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used for data analysis. According to the study's findings, there is a significant relationship between environmental conditions and water consumption efficiency. Additionally, empirical findings show that the country's water–scarce regions are primarily virtual water–importing zones, whereas several provinces in the north and west are water–selling regions. Negative effects will be significantly more prominent in less fortunate, more sweltering, and lower–lying nations. This study is aimed at having a better understanding of the reasons for climate change, which further causes economic costs. Also, to know how, as human beings, we can overcome this problem soon. While some variables exhibit positive correlations, others reveal negative relationships, highlighting the need for sustainable resource management. This transition can lower agricultural emissions and enhance resilience against climate shocks, paving the way for a more sustainable future.
Copyright © 2025 Alaa Amin Abdalla, Malik Shahzad Shabbir, Gabriela FOTACHE, Bondac Georgiana‑Tatiana, Mohammad Jaradat, Amer Al Qassem, Ammar Ahmed, Iancu Dorin, Akram Masoud Haddad, Ramona Lile, Raul Adrian Lile, Nedelcut Amalia Cristina, Radu Florin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Regional Agricultural Production Diversity in Algeria: A Panel Data Analysis of Land Allocation Effects (2000–2014)
This research examines the relationship between land allocation and agricultural production diversity across Algeria's 48 states from 2000 to 2014, addressing the agricultural sector's limited 2.6% GDP contribution despite vast arable lands spanning diverse agro-ecological zones. Using panel data analysis with fixed effects (n = 672 state-year observations), hierarchical cluster analysis, and principal component analysis, the study quantifies the impact of land allocation decisions on production outcomes. Results reveal land allocation explains varying degrees of production variance: 95.54% for legumes, 73.16% for grains, 58.02% for pulses, and 43.39% for industrial crops. Nine distinct agricultural clusters were identified, showing significant north-south disparities, where northern regions exhibit greater crop diversification with higher yields (mean = 182.4 quintals/hectare), while southern regions demonstrate specialized production with lower productivity (mean = 75.3 quintals/hectare). This first comprehensive regional analysis of the effects of land allocation on agricultural diversity in Algeria provides a quantitative foundation for evidence-based policy development, suggesting regionally tailored agricultural approaches that consider local conditions and capabilities. The identification of distinct regional agricultural clusters enables targeted interventions to optimize land use according to regional comparative advantages, potentially increasing productivity and enhancing food security.
Copyright © 2025 Khaled Mili, Ismail Ben Gana, Fatima Zohra Bensghier, Taoussi Brahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Policy Impacts on Farm Efficiency: Fertilizer Subsidies in Corn Production in Madura Island, Indonesia
This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the fertilizer subsidy policy and the impact of input use on corn production. The policy impact was measured using technical inefficiency in corn production. This study employed a case study on Madura Island, Indonesia. A total of 135 farmer respondents were selected using the multistage random sampling method. A series of analyses was conducted, incorporating the Cobb-Douglas Frontier Stochastic production function within the Technical Efficiency Impact Model. Five dimensions (planning, access via farmer cards, non-farmer cardholders, distribution, and the fundamental principles of ensuring the right quantity, right timing, right location, right price and right quality), derived from the Regulation of the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture concerning the 2022 fertilizer subsidy policy, were used as the key measurements for assessing policy effectiveness. The results showed that the implementation of the fertilizer subsidy policy was in the effective category. The inputs that positively impacted corn production were land area, seeds, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, manure, workers, and insecticides. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the fertilizer subsidy policy showed a positive impact on technical efficiency. This study can provide stakeholders with an overview of the effectiveness of the policy, serving as evaluation material. Improvements in production and technical efficiency after the change in fertilizer subsidy policy in corn farming on Madura Island can be achieved through the allocation of inputs according to recommendations. Additionally, enhancing the effectiveness of the fertilizer subsidy policy implementation can be considered a strategy to improve technical efficiency in corn farming.
Copyright © 2025 Elys Fauziyah, Iffan Maflahah, Dwi Ratna Hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Profitability at the Starting Line: New Entrants in Rice Trading in Nueva Ecija
This study explores the profitability and its influencing factors among new entrants in rice trading in the Philippines, particularly in Nueva Ecija. A descriptive-quantitative research design was employed, involving 72 new rice traders selected through random sampling. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the significance and impact of various independent variables on profitability. The study is anchored on Frank Knight’s Risk Theory of Profit and the Resource-Based View (RBV) as its theoretical framework. Findings reveal that variables such as years in rice trading, financial capital knowledge, initial investment, and logistics/transport capabilities have a positive and significant effect on profitability, implying that increases in these factors are associated with increased profit. Conversely, perceived market competition negatively affects profitability. Surprisingly, operational management skills and strength in supply chain also exhibit negative relationships with profitability, suggesting that higher proficiency in these areas may lead to reduced earnings. While the results largely support Knight’s Risk Theory and the Resource-Based View theory, certain findings, such as the negative impact of supply chain strength, partially contradict RBV assumptions. The study offers practical insights for agribusiness development and contributes to broader economic objectives by supporting sustainable rural enterprise and inclusive growth.
Copyright © 2025 Carl Louie R. Nocum; Dave M. Pastorfide https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Empirical Study on Indonesia’s Participation in the Global Rubber Value Chain
Rubber is a key plantation commodity with extensive markets in global trade and a significant contribution to Indonesia's economy. Over the last decades, the development of Indonesia's natural rubber value chain has been hampered by several national and international problems, which have affected Indonesia's position and participation in the global rubber trade. This study utilizes two datasets from the Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) databases to assess Indonesia's participation and position in the international rubber industry value chain between 2015 and 2022, then compares the results with 35 countries trading with Indonesia. The analysis reveals that compared to 2015, Indonesia’s 2022 position in the global rubber value chain declined due to weaknesses in the upstream and downstream sectors. While it continued to contribute to the global rubber market, Indonesia was consistently outperformed by other rubber-producing countries. Indonesia can yet increase the rubber industry's added value by promoting innovation and increasing domestic production. This paper concludes with policy recommendations for Indonesia to enhance its participation in the global rubber value chain, emphasizing improvements in the downstream sector by adopting good agricultural practices and applying advanced technologies, and strengthening the upstream sector by boosting domestic consumption of rubber.
Copyright © 2025 Dwi Shinta Agustina, Rita Nurmalina, Anna Fariyanti, Burhanuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analyzing Saudi Potato Demand: A Comparative Evaluation of AIDS, QUAIDS, and Rotterdam Models
This study evaluates and compares the empirical performance of three demand system models―Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), Quadratic AIDS (QUAIDS), and Rotterdam―in estimating price, income, and cross-price elasticities for potato demand in Saudi Arabia. Given the volatile nature of emerging-market data, the study aims to identify the most suitable model for accurately capturing consumer behavior in the Saudi potato market. The empirical analysis highlights the strengths and limitations of each model in handling price and income fluctuations. While the AIDS and QUAIDS models proved theoretically attractive, both exhibited estimation challenges in this context, including statistically insignificant coefficients, violations of homogeneity and symmetry, and unstable elasticity results. QUAIDS, though capable of capturing nonlinearities, suffered from convergence issues and multicollinearity under volatile conditions. These limitations prompted the adoption of the Rotterdam model, which provided a more stable and theoretically consistent forecast. The study also implements homogeneity and symmetry restrictions within Rotterdam’s framework (RMLE) to enhance model reliability. Diagnostic tests, including Wald tests for coefficient significance and Durbin-Watson tests for residual autocorrelation, confirm the robustness of the findings. In addition, the analysis highlights the practical significance of elasticity estimation for policy design and food security planning. The results offer valuable insights for policymakers and market analysts to understand demand elasticity and improve forecasting in Saudi Arabia’s potato sector.
Copyright © 2025 Yosef Alamri, Abdullah I. Aldakhil, Jawad Alhashim, Alaa Kotb, Suliman Almojel, Khaled Alkhorayef, Khaild Alkhamis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Navigating Inflation in Indonesia’s Agricultural Sector from 2016 to 2024: Insights into Profit Margins, Asset Turnover, and Earnings Per Share
This study aims to examine the influence of inflation rate on the financial performance of the agricultural sector by using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS 4.0 software. The study examined the relationship between inflation and financial performance as measured through indicators such as profit margin and price-to-income ratio. The results of the study show that inflation has a significant negative effect on the financial performance of the agricultural sector. High inflation not only increases claims and operational costs, but also complicates the risk assessment process, impacting resource allocation and overall economic activity. In addition, the study emphasizes the importance of explicitly taking claims inflation into account in the calculation of loss reserves, especially for long-term liabilities that are vulnerable to price changes. Inflation and interest rates were also found to affect the price of production inputs, which in turn affected cost efficiency and corporate governance relationships. These findings make an important contribution to understanding the dynamics of the agricultural sector amid volatile inflationary conditions and provide policy implications that can help improve financial stability and efficiency in the sector. This research is expected to serve as a reference for policymakers and industry players in managing inflation risks effectively, as well as encouraging the development of strategies that are adaptive to macroeconomic changes. Thus, this study provides comprehensive insights into the impact of inflation on the financial performance of the agricultural sector and the importance of a structured analytical approach in the current economic context.
Copyright © 2025 Hisar Sirait, Sylvia Sari Rosalina, Abdulah Rakhman, Prima Apriwenni, Christian Wiradendi Wolor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Agricultural Green Innovation and Food Security in Indonesia: Exploring Green Economy Transformation
Sustainable development in developing countries requires integrated approaches addressing environmental sustainability, economic growth, and food security simultaneously. This study advances agricultural innovation research by employing structural equation modeling to examine the mediating role of green economy transformation in the relationship between individual farmer innovations and sustainable food security outcomes, providing novel empirical evidence on systemic mechanisms that translate micro-level innovations into macro–level food security benefits in developing country contexts. A cross–sectional survey of 398 Indonesian smallholder farmers employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling to test complex mediation relationships within an integrated theoretical framework. Green entrepreneurial innovation was measured through product, process, organizational, and marketing dimensions, while green economy transformation encompassed resource efficiency, technology access, policy support, and environmental contribution. Results explained 61.2% of food security variance with all relationships statistically significant (p < 0.001). Green entrepreneurial innovation influenced food security directly (β = 0.394) and through green economy transformation (β = 0.668 → 0.421). Mediation analysis revealed partial mediation, with green economy transformation accounting for 41.6% of the total effect (β = 0.281). Findings demonstrate that sustainable food security requires integrated approaches targeting both individual farmer capacity and broader green economy development. Policy interventions addressing innovations alone achieve suboptimal results without complementary systemic changes in markets, institutions, and infrastructure, providing valuable guidance for evidence–based sustainable agricultural development policy across developing countries.
Copyright © 2025 Bunga Aditi, Suginam, Cia Cai Cen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reducing Tourism Leakage through Agricultural Linkages: The Role of Agro-Tourism in Economic Retention in Diebu County, China
Agro-tourism has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance rural economic development by linking agriculture with the tourism sector. In Diebu County, however, high tourism leakage in the accommodations sector limits local communities’ ability to benefit from tourism-driven growth. This study explores how agro-tourism can reduce tourism leakage by strengthening connections between local agricultural producers and the accommodations sector. It investigates factors influencing economic retention and identifies opportunities to integrate local agriculture into rural tourism supply chains. A qualitative case study approach was used, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with accommodation providers, community leaders, and government tourism officials. Thematic analysis revealed a strong interest in local sourcing, but also challenges such as unreliable supply, limited coordination, and inadequate policy support. Nonetheless, emerging examples of informal cooperation and farm-to-table practices illustrate the potential of agro-tourism to enhance local economic benefits. Theoretically, this research contributes to the understanding of tourism-agriculture linkages in rural development. Practically, it provides insights for designing policies and programs that promote collaboration between the agricultural and tourism sectors. In conclusion, agro-tourism presents a viable pathway to reduce tourism leakage and support inclusive economic development in Diebu County.
Copyright © 2025 Lujie Zhang, Shida Irwana Omar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
State Governance of Information Processes in Kazakhstan’s Regions: A Sectoral Case Study of Agriculture in the Digital Economy
The analysis of panel data on twenty-one regions of Kazakhstan for the period 2015−2024 revealed stable patterns that determine the effectiveness of agriculture in the context of structural modernization of the economy. The use of several regression models provided a comprehensive review of the impact of human capital, government subsidies, innovation, investment environment, exports, and digitalization processes on the productivity dynamics of the agricultural sector. The results showed that human capital, innovation, government support, and export orientation are key factors in improving efficiency. The impact of digitalization turned out to be contradictory, which is explained by the heterogeneity of regional development, differences in the level of technological readiness, and the time gap between the introduction of innovations and their economic effect. The introduction of interactive variables made it possible to record the mutual strengthening of the action of human and technological factors that form a steady increase in productivity. The established dependencies confirm the need for a systematic approach to agricultural policy, where the development of digital infrastructure, the improvement of institutional mechanisms, and the strengthening of human resources are considered as interrelated areas of modernization. The results obtained can serve as an analytical basis for the development of effective regional strategies aimed at increasing the competitiveness and long-term sustainability of agriculture in Kazakhstan.
Copyright © 2025 Lyazzat Akilzhanova, Azamat Zhanseitov, Кuralay Belgibayeva, Nurgul Kuttybayeva, Laura Alimbayeva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Changes in Farmer’s Exchange Rate and Their Effect on Farming in Indonesia
The development of the Farmer’s Exchange Rate (FER) index at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. The effort to scrutinize the phenomenon of the decreasing FER is important and relevant for a deep study, especially related to its effects on farming activities. This study will observe FER changes and their effects on farming, especially rice farming. Methods of analysis include: (1) Descriptive Analysis (in the form of tables and graphs/diagrams only), (2) Quantitative Analysis (using multiple regression models). The results of the analysis of various factors affecting the FER show that the variable of the price of paddy at the farmer level has a positive and real effect on the FER. In this case, if the price of paddy increases by Rp 10, then the FER will increase by 0.157 units. Furthermore, the price of diesel fuel for agricultural equipment and machinery also has a positive and real effect on the FER. In this case, if there is an increase in the price of Rp 10, then there will be an increase in the FER of 0.052 FER units. It can be concluded that the influence of FER shows that the variable of unhusked-paddy price at the farm level has a positive and significant effect on FER. It can be made by farmers by achieving maximum possible economic efficiency through improvements in technical efficiency and optimization of resource reallocation (allocative efficiency), supported by output price incentive policies in order to obtain an adequate level of income.
Copyright © 2025 Rizma Aldillah, Eddy Supriadi Yusuf, Rusdin, Dewi Listyati, Dina Omayani Dewi, Anggita Tresliyana Suryana, Ida Andriani, Astrina Yulianti, Yonas Hangga Saputra, Istriningsih Istriningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Value Chain of Robusta Coffee in Wonogiri, Indonesia: Analysis of Performance and Role of Producer Organisations
The Robusta coffee value chain in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, Indonesia in this study is investigated from the structure, economic performance, and the role of the producers in enhancing smallholder integration. Data were collected via mixed methods from 33 respondents including farmers, producer organisations, collectors, wholesalers, processors, and cafe owners. Seven marketing channels were identified: traditional routes dominated by intermediaries to more vertically integrated routes involving producer organisations and small–medium processors. Value chain mapping showed that farmers produce mostly fresh cherries, and downstream players do major value–adding activities like drying, hulling, roasting, grinding, and packaging. Economic analysis showed that marketing margins and profit vary considerably between channels. Profits reached Rp 61,070/kg in channels where producer organisations and small–medium processors perform downstream processing. On the contrary, traditional channels gave collectors and wholesalers the highest margins, while farmers received low returns. Across channels led by producer organizations, the share of the final consumer price ranged from 34.48% to 44.62%. Results indicate that organisational coordination, value addition, and market access are necessary for smallholder benefits improvement. Despite positive trends, challenges including limited processing capacity at the farm level, poor infrastructure, and weak market linkages remain. A strong producer organisation, improved access to processing technologies, and institutional support are necessary for inclusive and sustainable value chain development.
Copyright © 2025 Fanny Widadie, Endang Siti Rahayu , Setyowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quantifying and Assessing Ecosystem Service Values in China's Major Grain‑Producing Regions: A Spatial‑Temporal Analysis
Agricultural intensiϐication in China has created tensions between food security imperatives and ecosystem sustainability, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation of ecological trade‑offs in major grain‑producing regions. This study quantiϐied ecosystem service values (ESV) across 13 provinces during 2008–2023 using an enhanced equivalent factor methodology integrated with the Costanza valuation framework. The spatiotemporal analysis revealed that total ESV increased by 68.4% over the study period, yet signiϐicant regional disparities emerged be‑tween production capacity and ecological functionality. High‑output provinces, including Heilongjiang, Henan, and Shandong, demonstrated persistently low per‑unit ESV (715.5–2492.3 CNY/hm²), remaining 40–50% below ecological leaders such as Jiangsu (3073.0 CNY/hm²). The research identified a paradoxical inverse relationship wherein provinces contributing most to national grain security exhibited the poorest ecological performance, with cropland ESV contribution ratios varying from 3.4% in Inner Mongolia to 29.1% in Henan. Yangtze River Basin provinces emerged as exemplars of balanced development, maintaining 6.8–7.5% annual ESV growth alongside moderate production levels. The spatially differentiated framework developed from these findings suggests targeted interventions could reduce resource consumption by 18–22% in intensive farming regions while enhancing water efficiency by 30–40% in arid zones. This research provides critical evidence for transitioning China's agricultural governance toward integrated ecosystem management that reconciles food production with ecological sustainability.
Copyright © 2025 Bai Ke, Dhakir Abbas Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reassessing Agricultural Investment in China: From 1952 to 2017
While the contributions of labor and productivity to agriculture have been extensively studied, agricultural investment and capital accumulation remain underexplored. This gap is largely due to a lack of relevant data, particularly in developing countries. In China, measuring agricultural investment poses significant challenges due to a complex statistical system and frequent changes in official data standards, especially before 1978. This study aimed to construct a comprehensive dataset on agricultural investment from 1952 to 2017, encompassing state-owned, collective, and household agriculture. To ensure consistency and reliability, different estimation methods were applied according to the data sources available in different periods. The analysis revealed that while collective farming was the dominant model before 1978, a substantial share of investment was directed toward state-owned agriculture. After the reform era, the introduction of the household responsibility system led to a surge in household agricultural investment, primarily funded through self-accumulation. However, by 2010, the share of government appropriations and agricultural loans began to decline, with non-household entities accounting for 50% of total agricultural investment. This shift indicates a move away from direct investment by peasant households toward service-oriented agricultural production. Investment in China’s agricultural sector exhibits significant cyclical patterns, influenced by economic policies and labor dynamics. Given recent challenges in food self-sufficiency and declining agricultural labor, reassessing agricultural investment levels is crucial for ensuring sustainable development.
Copyright © 2025 Qi Dong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Applying Marketing Strategic Planning Tools to Evaluate the Growth Potential of Ukraine’s Dairy Industry
This study aims to examine the use of marketing tools for strategic planning to assess the development prospects of Ukraine’s dairy industry, utilizing SWOT analysis, taxonomic analysis and scenario modelling methodologies. On the one hand, the author has chosen the SWOT-analysis method, the main goal of which is to determine the positioning of the dairy industry by evaluating its strengths and weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to select and identify the best strategies for its development. On the other hand, a comprehensive methodology for evaluating the dairy industry in Ukraine was used, specifically the taxonomic analysis and scenario modelling methods, which allowed the author to calculate the efficiency coefficient. As a result of applying strategic planning methodologies, the instability of the taxonomic indicator during 2003–2022 was demonstrated, which is caused by the following main reasons: military actions in Ukraine by the Russian aggressor, the noncompliance of certain types of dairy products with EU technical standards, among others. The practical value of scientific research is that it proposes the utilization of marketing strategies to assess the potential for development of the Ukrainian dairy industry, the combination of the SWOT method and taxonomy is particularly significant. Based on the SWOT analysis, a marketing strategy was proposed that specifically involved: a marketing innovation strategy, which would allow for the future enhancement of both design and packaging, as well as the reduction of the cost of dairy products.
Copyright © 2025 Oksana Senyshyn, Oleksandr Kundytskyj, Roman Khich, Marta Goryn, Natalia Chopko, Marianna Zamroz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) among Arabica Coffee Farmers in Simalungun, Indonesia
The implementation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) in Arabica coffee cultivation in Simalungun, Indonesia still faces various challenges even though this practice is known to increase productivity and sustainability. Farmers still tend to use traditional methods and have limited understanding of modern agricultural techniques. This is a major problem in optimizing the implementation of GAP among local farmers, so it is necessary to study the factors that influence the level of GAP implementation. This study involved 117 coffee farmers in various sub-districts through in-depth interviews and questionnaires. The results showed that many farmers had not met GAP standards, especially in terms of seed selection, fertilization, and pest control. Correlation analysis revealed that the level of farmer education had a strong relationship with the understanding and implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. Based on these findings, a coordinated approach is needed involving various stakeholders, including government agencies, educational institutions, and the private sector. Comprehensive training programs and improved support systems are highly recommended to ensure farmers have the resources and knowledge needed to optimize coffee production sustainably. Collaboration between the government, educational institutions, and farmers is key to creating a coffee cultivation environment that is beneficial for both producers and the ecosystem.
Copyright © 2025 R. Hamdani Harahap, Abdul Rauf, Rahmawaty, Isfenti Sadalia, Farid Aulia, Abdullah Akhyar Nasution https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Industrial Chain Extension Mechanism Driven by Digital Technology in Cultural Creativity-Rural Tourism Integration and Value-Added Effects on Agricultural Economy
The digitally-empowered integration of cultural creativity and rural tourism has emerged as a pivotal mechanism for agricultural economic transformation. Grounded in industrial integration theory, value chain theory, and digital empowerment theory, this investigation employs a mixed-methods approach to examine industrial chain extension mechanisms and agricultural value-added effects. The study encompasses field surveys and quantitative analysis across 10 counties, incorporating 1,248 enterprises and 348 integration cases. Key findings demonstrate: (1) Digital technology serves as a fundamental catalyst, with 78.6% of agricultural enterprises implementing digital solutions. Deep-integration enterprises achieve empowerment indices of 82.6 points versus 41.2 for shallow-integration counterparts. (2) Culture-tourism-agriculture convergence expands industrial chains from 5.2 to 8.7 average segments through three paradigms: platform-integrated consolidation, ecosystem-based diversification, and intelligence-driven optimization. (3) Digital infrastructure constitutes the primary determinant (regression coefficient 0.387), forming a multi-dimensional framework with human capital, market conditions, and policy support. (4) Agricultural enhancement effects prove substantial: 156.8% increases in product values and 89.4% growth in farmer incomes, with indirect effect multipliers reaching 2.42. (5) The research establishes a "Technology-Organization-Environment" empowerment framework and "Networked Value Creation" theoretical construct. These findings provide theoretical insights and practical guidance for digital rural development, culture-tourism-agriculture coordination, and agricultural modernization objectives.
Copyright © 2025 Shuanglin Lan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Exports and Imports on Agribusiness Activities on the Development of Indonesia's Economic Growth
Enhancing the agricultural sector plays a vital role in strengthening Indonesia's economic growth. This study aims to examine the impact of agricultural exports, imports, and investment on the development of the agricultural sector, as reflected in economic growth. The analysis covers the period from 2000 to 2015 using quarterly time series data. The research applies the vector autoregression (VAR) method. Findings from the causality analysis indicate that exports, imports, and investment in agriculture have a limited influence on agricultural sector growth indicators. However, growth in the agricultural sector significantly influences the levels of exports, imports, and investment in economic growth indicators. Additionally, the impulse response analysis reveals that investment responds more strongly to shocks in the agricultural sectors in Economic growth indicators compared to exports and imports. The variance of decomposition analysis shows that exports contribute more to the development of the agricultural sector than the combined contribution of imports and investment. This study has concluded that the full value of exports, imports, and investment in the agricultural sector does not significantly impact the economic growth rate; however, the rate of growth in the agricultural sector affects the full value of sector exports, imports, and investment in Indonesia. In addition, the authors recommended that the government strengthen the Indonesian economy by boosting exports and minimizing imports. This can be achieved by expanding export markets and enhancing the quality of locally produced goods. A trade surplus, where exports exceed imports, can contribute positively to the nation by increasing foreign exchange reserves.
Copyright © 2025 Abdiyanto, Iskandar Muda, Ahnaf Ali Alsmady, Oksimana Darmawan, Siti Alya Zikriena Poetri, Oberd Masro Pardamean Harianja, Junjungan Filemon Tampubolon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Bridging Farmers’ Perceptions and Preferences for Economic Sustainability: Developing an Agroforestry Prototype in Private Forests in Bogor Regency , Indonesia
The ASEAN nations and the Indonesian government prioritize sustainable development through programs on water, energy, food, conservation, and climate change mitigation. Developing agroforestry in private forests holds strategic potential to enhance sustainable forestry and strengthen rural economies. Farmers' perceptions and preferences regarding agroforestry management are crucial for improving program outcomes. This study aims to develop an agroforestry prototype in private forests by integrating farmer perceptions and preferences with financial considerations. In Situdaun Village, Bogor Regency, West Java, Indonesia, we collected data through interviews utilizing a questionnaire. Subsequently, we conducted an analysis using descriptive statistics, Likert scale relative frequencies, and a financial feasibility assessment. The study findings indicate that farmers' perceptions and preferences are appropriate for agroforestry development. The economic viability of this agroforestry model is essential for farmers' well-being and ecological sustainability. Agroforestry aligns with the land maximization approach, enhancing the restoration of degraded land and forests, supplying bioenergy, and reducing GHG emissions. We recommend efficient extension services to enhance farmers' institutional capacity, strengthened by government programs and policies to address livelihood requirements, incentive schemes, human capital development, stakeholder engagement for implementing the agroforestry prototype, and downstream processes, alongside developing community-based land and forest rehabilitation initiatives.
Copyright © 2025 Bahruni, Naifa Sa’diyya, Fitta Setiajiati, Soni Trison https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Economic Value of Forest Services in the Keffa Zone, Ethiopia: Discrete Choice Experiment Approach
The value of forests encompasses both direct market benefits and non-market advantages related to nature conservation. The value of forests, including timber, lumber, pulp, and paper, is exchanged through markets. However, many of the benefits of forests do not pass through the market. The study was carried out to estimate the non-market economic value of forest resources in the Keffa Zone, Ethiopia. To address the objective, a cross-sectional research survey was conducted among 343 households, with face-to-face interviews serving as the primary data collection method. The study was conducted on five forest attributes: harvested forest products, rainfall attraction, soil conservation, tourism-generated employment, and the use of the forest for future generations, representing the non-market value of the forest. The discrete choice experiment estimate, based on multinominal logistic regression, was used to analyse the data and estimate the economic value of the forest. The study estimates that households would pay an average of $7.71/year/hectare for forest conservation to achieve 20% more additional rainfall and water availability. The households are also willing to pay an average of $2.32/year/hectare for the forest’s conservation to avoid 20% soil loss. The households in Keffa would annually pay an average of $9.10/year/hectare and $ 1.31/year/hectare for the forest’s conservation, receiving 10% and 20%, respectively, more tourism-generated income and employment. The estimated results suggest that the local community supports the conservation of the forest, and households are willing to contribute considerable resources for the proposed conservation programme in the study area.
Copyright © 2025 Seyfe Fikre Hailu, Stanley Osezua Ehiane https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
AI and Sustainable Agriculture Through Cost–Benefit Analysis of Smart Irrigation Systems
The advancing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its application in agriculture have disrupted traditional agricultural practices, with smart irrigation systems representing one of the leading technologies enabling sustainable agriculture. Smart irrigation systems utilize real–time data, machine learning algorithms, and predictive analytics to better optimize irrigation water use, limit wasted resources, and improve the yields of crop products. The proposed research will assess the economic and environmental impacts of AI smart irrigation systems with a full costs–benefits analysis. The proposed research considers both the capital cost and operating cost of smart irrigation systems and compares these traditional irrigation practices while also examining the long–term benefits of potential water savings from Smart Irrigation Systems, expanded agricultural production, and reduced human labour. This will give context for measuring the impacts of Smart Irrigation Systems on farm businesses, including both opportunities and barriers to adoption. Additionally, using a formal literature review to lock down existing research and surveys of irrigation farmers to collect a field data set will provide the proposed researchers a collective sample to measure the efficacy of AI smart irrigation systems, identify barriers, compare opportunities, and measure performance under differing climate and soil properties. The research will find high and substantial respective levels of benefits from the implementation of AI–based smart systems, particularly in water–stressed systems with positive impacts on farm profitability, private, and environmental conservation. This research is essential for informing stakeholders of actions and the delivery of AI–enabled solutions in support of more sustainable agricultural practices.
Copyright © 2025 Jami Venkata Suman, Kalisetti Purushotham Prasad Prasad, A. Sampath Dakshina Murthy, R. Gurunadha, Mamidipaka Hema, Omprakash Gurrapu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0